制度、技术与中国农业发展问题新探——基于诺斯制度变迁与舒尔茨农业发展理论的思索

诺斯的制度变迁理论启示我们,制度变迁是促进农业发展的根本原因;舒尔茨的农业发展理论则使我们了解技术进步对农业发展的重要性.20世纪90年代后,我国农业发展水平一直没有明显的提高,其根源就在于制度与技术发展的双双滞后.以往鉴来,当前我国的新农村建设应走技术与制度并重之路.     

影响人民币实际汇率长期趋势的因素研究

本文对人民币实际汇率的长期变动趋势进行了实证研究。通过协整模型构建了实际汇率与劳动生产率、政府消费和贸易条件之间长期的均衡关系，并通过误差修正模型考察了实际汇率短期内的动态调整过程。结果表明，无论在短期还是长期，生产率的变动对人民币实际汇率的变动都起着最重要的作用，但是对实际汇率的变动方向与巴一萨效应预测的相反。这可能是因为中国的经济发展阶段不适用其假设，劳动力的无限供给、政府消费和贸易条件等其他因素亦影响着人民币实际汇率的变动趋势，说明即使是在长期内，巴一萨效应的假设也不能成立。政府能够通过财政支出来影响实际汇率短期波动和长期变动趋势，从而影响我国产品在国际上的价格竞争优势。     

家族企业产权制度变迁路径

国内外家族企业发展的历史证明。产权的逐渐多元化和社会化是必然趋势。单一的产权结构不仅限制了家族企业筹集资金的能力。而且限制了家族企业的人才结构，无法满足企业扩展的要求。因此，对于处在扩张阶段的我国家族企业而言，必须突破产权关。实现家族企业的产权变迁。     

基于制度变迁理论的政府投资项目管理模式探讨

运用制度变迁理论，分析了我国政府投资项目管理模式的制度需求、中央政府和地方政府在政府投资项目管理模式制度变迁中的主体地位、强制性和诱导性两种制度变迁方式，强调在制度创新过程中应当注意制度变迁效率。     

New Technology in Unionized Firms: Advantages of Mandatory Bargaining

U.S. Labor Law currently allows employers whose work forces are unionized to introduce new technologies without bargaining over the decision to do so. This forces unions to adopt inefficient strategies when negotiating collective bargaining agreements in an effort to minimize the impact of technological change on their members. Allowing unions to bargain over the decision to introduce new technologies would obviate their having to resort to these inefficient strategies. In addition, it might increase the likelihood of employees suggesting alterations in production processes that would increase the rate of technological change. For these reasons, this article advocates amending U.S. labor law to require employers to bargain over the introduction of new technologies.     

农民工的社会网络变迁

采用系统模式研究了进城农民工的社会网络重构过程,指出随着谋生方式由农业生产向非农产业的转移,进城农民工正在逐步建立起以业缘关系为基础的新的社会纽带,并使之成为其社会网络的重要组成部分.这些由进城农民工一手构建的社会关系网络正在成为他们在城市生活中赖以生存和发展的重要资本.     

论制度变迁的成本约束

制度变迁的关键是成本约束，这是制度本身产生的根本性要求。制度变迁是成本和收益相权衡和比较的产物，制度设计和安排必须充分考虑到制度变迁的成本和收益，减少制度变迁的阻力，提高制度运行的效率。     

Technological change in energy systems: Learning curves, logistic curves and input-output coefficients

Learning curves have recently been widely adopted in climate-economy models to incorporate endogenous change of energy technologies, replacing the conventional assumption of an autonomous energy efficiency improvement. However, there has been little consideration of the credibility of the learning curve. The current trend that many important energy and climate change policy analyses rely on the learning curve means that it is of great importance to critically examine the basis for learning curves. Here, we analyse the use of learning curves in energy technology, usually implemented as a simple power function. We find that the learning curve cannot separate the effects of price and technological change, cannot reflect continuous and qualitative change of both conventional and emerging energy technologies, cannot help to determine the time paths of technological investment, and misses the central role of R&D activity in driving technological change. We argue that a logistic curve of improving performance modified to include R&D activity as a driving variable can better describe the cost reductions in energy technologies. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the top-down Leontief technology can incorporate the bottom-up technologies that improve along either the learning curve or the logistic curve, through changing input-output coefficients. An application to UK wind power illustrates that the logistic curve fits the observed data better and implies greater potential for cost reduction than the learning curve does.     

Implementation of land and ecosystem accounts at the European Environment Agency

The European Environment Agency has started the implementation of a programme of land use and ecosystem accounts, following the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) guidelines of the United Nations. The purpose is to integrate information across the various ecosystem components and to support further assessments and modelling of these components and their interactions with economic and social developments. This programme reflects the increasing demand for environmental policy integration in Europe, both vertically through thematic policies as well as horizontally across policies in those sectors that contribute most to environmental impacts. The construction of land and ecosystem accounts is now feasible due to continuous improvements in monitoring, collecting and processing data and progress with the development of statistical methods that facilitate data assimilation and integration. The accounts are based on explicit spatial patterns provided by comprehensive land cover accounts that can be scaled up and down using a 1 km² grid to any type of administrative region or ecosystem zone (e.g., river basin catchments, coastal zones or bio-geographic areas). Land cover accounts have been produced for 24 countries in Europe and first results published in the European Environment State and Outlook2005 report of the EEA.¹     

A longitudinal study of supply organizational change

This research examines the high level of change in supply organizations of large North American companies using data collected from 51 large North American supply organizations in 1987, 1995 and 2003. Analysis is supplemented by an additional 55 companies for which data were collected in 1995 and 2003. The availability of longitudinal data from individual companies over a 16-year period provided a unique opportunity to trace changes made to each company's supply organizational structure and their roles and responsibilities. Findings suggest that the respondents made major changes in supply organizational structure, supply chain responsibilities, use of purchasing teams, supply involvement in major corporate activities (MCA) and CPO reporting line, title and background.